Essay on Xenotransplantation - 2040 Words

Xenotransplantation Introduction According to Websters Dictionary, a doctor is one skilled or specializing in healing arts. However, what is entailed in these healing arts has expanded time and time again over the course of history. At one point in time, to be a doctor was as simple as administering the right dose of a certain elixir, and then as time went on advances were made in the areas of antibiotics and other medicines, as well as in surgical arenas. Now we have come to a new age where doctors are pushing the boundaries of their capability far beyond anyone imagined they could. Since the first kidney transplant less than 40 years ago, a lot of innovations have been made in the world of organ transplantation and various†¦show more content†¦Instead the benefits of this procedure reach to include those with diabetes, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and those who have suffered a stroke. As with any new technological advance, there is a bevy of issues and points to discuss before one can form an educated conclusi on about what is best for society. Professional Issues The professional issues involved in xenotransplantation are especially significant due to the nature of the medical profession. It is crucial that the primary motivation for doctors always center on doing all they can, in the best way they can, for their patients. In a portion of the Hippocratic oath taken by doctors entering the medical profession, they swear that into whatsoever house you shall enter, it shall be for the good of the sick to the utmost of your power†¦ The question is, what exactly is meant by the utmost of your power? Ideally whatever form of organ transplantation helps the most people would be the best, but unfortunately it is not that simple, there are other issues to be considered. First of all, the process of xenotransplantation is nowhere near being perfected enough to use on humans. However, some experts do believe the first clinical trials with pig organs could take place in as soon as two years. Before this happens, more research needs to be done to figure out how to work past the current obstacles facing this procedure, one of which is theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Xenotransplantation758 Words   |  4 PagesXenotransplantation The progress thats being made in the field of Xenotransplantation; the transplantation of an animal organ into a human host, is vital to the betterment of science and medicine and should not be hindered by the ignorant trepidation of a few individuals. The number of patients requiring organ transplants has exceeded the number of available human donors. For this reason science is looking to xenotransplantation as a solution which may yield access to a plethora of availableRead More The Benefits of Xenotransplantation Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe Benefits of Xenotransplantation New technology has opened many doors of opportunity for advancements in medical science. Not even in our wildest dreams would we have imagined a world where animal organs could be safely transplanted into humans. A few years ago, this process called xenotransplantation, was completed for the very first time. The only dilemma critics had with the process involved the chances of infection and organ rejection from the patient. Through experimentation and advancesRead MoreEssay on Xenotransplantation3333 Words   |  14 PagesXenotransplantation Physicians today are faced with a growing list of patients awaiting transplants for organs that have failed, but there are not enough donors to meet these needs. Countries all over the world have a â€Å"human organ shortage† and the waiting lists for organ transplants only seem to grow longer (Melo 427). In the United States 62,000 patients needed a kidney, liver, or pancreatic transplant in the year 2001. Xenotransplantation, which refers to the transplantation of organs,Read MoreA Very Brief Look at Xenotransplantation 964 Words   |  4 PagesXenotransplantation originate from Greek â€Å"xenos-† meaning â€Å"foreign†. It is the transplant or use of live nonhuman animal cells, tissues and organs in humans or between different species. A similar approach is called allotransplantation which is the same procedure, just within the same species. These cells and organs can be implanted or enclosed in a device that is used outside the body (ex vivo perfusion). X enotransplantation can help human beings suffering from organ failure to save lives. EveryRead MoreShould Xenotransplantation Be Allowed? Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: Xenotransplantation (Animal to Human Transplants) Research Question: Should Xenotransplantation be allowed? (Animal parts transferred into Humans) Introduction: Scientists have developed a way for a pig heart to be transplanted into a baboon, which has been living for more than a year. This breakthrough means that sometime soon, we may be able to use pig hearts for human bodies, when we don’t have any human parts to spare. For this investigation, I am going to find out how XenotransplantationRead More The Ethics of Xenotransplantation Essay examples1615 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethics of Xenotransplantation 1. Introduction to Xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation is the process of taking cells, parts of organs, or even whole organs from one species of animal, and implanting them into another species. The FDA has given their own definition of xenotransplantation which they say is â€Å"any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation, or infusion into a human recipient of either live cells, tissues, or organs from a non human animal source, or humanRead More Progress in Xenotransplantation Essay1595 Words   |  7 PagesProgress in Xenotransplantation Introduction In the last few years, progress has been made toward successfully using animal organs in humans who need transplants, an operation called xenotransplantation. The biggest obstacle has been preventing the body from destroying the transplant as a foreign body. The speed of rejection depends on the species and tissue involved. In transplants between discordant species, such as pig to human, the recipient has natural antibodies against the donorRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Xenotransplantation: Organ Donations1073 Words   |  5 PagesXenotransplantation The topic I would like to talk about today is called xenotransplantation. If you haven’t ever heard about xenotransplantation that’s okay, a lot of people haven’t. As you know many of the people who need organ donations need them because of new and old health issues. The worldwide demand for organs far surpasses the supply. A study done by the United Network for Organ Sharing in 2004 found that over one hundred thousand patients could have benefited from an organ transplantRead MoreThe Ethical Issue Of Xenotransplantation And The Catholic Churches Essay1765 Words   |  8 PagesI will be discussing the ethical issue of Xenotransplantation and the Catholic Churches response to it. Xenotransplantation is a procedure involving the transplantation of live cells, organs and tissues from nonhumans into humans. It provides an alternative way to treat serious and fatal diseases such as Alzheimer s, diabetes and Parkinson s disease. It also poses as a solution for the ongoing problem of organ shortage. Generally, Xenotransplantation is a reoccurring ethical issue as this specificRead MoreEssay on Is Xenotransplantation an Ethical Solution or Disaster?1935 Words   |  8 Pages Is Xenotransplantation an ethical solution or disaster? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The audience for this paper is comprised of those readers looking to gain knowledge on the issue of xenotransplantation. This group of people is unaware of the dynamics of the ethical arguments surrounding this current issue. This audience does not have a specific age or belief, reflecting the varied positions of the argument. Due to this hunger for factual information

Use of Culture in Writing Essay - 586 Words

The Culture â€Å",Culture†, is a concept which is related to the art, beliefs and traditions of a society. Even if it is thought as a concept used in social norms, it is the real value of a society by carrying the significant characteristic features of being â€Å",identity†,. It means that the culture forms the society’,s real identity. There are so many writers whose works are based upon the concept of the culture. Stephen Greenblatt is the one who has an essay about the culture and its affects on literature under the name of â€Å",Culture†,. Greenblatt stresses that the cultural norms include the constraints and mobility in his own building. He wants to say that the cultural norms include both the limited and changeable qualities in it. It†¦show more content†¦The cultures affect each other in a way. Thus, the culture should have the characteristic features by not having so much cultural paradoxes. Even though any culture has boundaries and limits, they can operate on the other cultures and on its own buildings to create new reasons. Thanks to the art and literature, the culture transmits from one to another. Despite the fact that the writers think that they create new things, they only rewrite and interpreting the things existed in their cultures. It means that the literary works of the writers only reflect their cultural and historical documents. With this, the writers try to shape their culture by going beyond the established and existed norms that is improvisation. English theatre is basically related to the culture, religion and morality. It is the proper model for the royal family and it is used for centuries. Shakespeare tries to shape his culture by using his theatre and plays as a tool. For Shakespeare, the theatre is the representations of the life and with this ideology, he adds new values to his culture. Thanks to the theatre and his plays, he criticizes the politics and tells his ideas much easier. In other words, the beliefs can be passed to the public with the play and so, the people can have political ideologies. His theatre is a tool to carry the political, social and cultural functions. EvenShow MoreRelatedIs English Native Speakers Use A Greater Number Of Singular Self Mention?1410 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis suggest that English native speakers use a greater number of singular self-mention in linguistics research articles than scholars affiliated with Ukrainian universities, who avoid using them completely and rely on plural forms. This confirms the previous findings that primarily plural self-mention is employed in academic writing in Slavic languages (Vassileva, 1998), and that academic texts in English by native speakers show the greatest use of singular forms in comparison to other languagesRead More Acquiring Skills in a New Language Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage is the ability to communicate messages in writing. For a teacher of English as a second language, nurturing students to develop sound writing skills is crucial to the success of the student both as a learner of the language, and their skills communication skills in reading, speaking and even listening in English. The natural ability of native speakers to communicate in a given language does not automatically indicate proficiency in their writing skills, which must be acquired. The psycholinguistRead MoreAmerican Indian Activism And Setting Ground As A Feminist Writing1659 Words   |  7 Pagescomes to writing, the purpose and voice of the author is extremely important when it comes to reaching out to the intended audience. Writing is all about authors expressing themselves through poems, books, short stories, etc. For the most part, authors write for different purposes whether it is for informing, entertaining, or persuade. As for Joy Harjo, this author bases her writing on expressing her views and opinion on American Indian activism and setting ground as a Feminist writing. She is knownRead MoreChinese Thought Patterns And Its Cultural Roots1402 Words   |  6 Pagesthought and culture is interdependentï ¼Å½Douglas(1980, P. 141) points out, â€Å"Culture† is really an integral part of the interaction between language and thought. Cultural patterns, customs, and ways of life are expressed in language; culture-specific world views are reflected in language.† Culture can be reflected by what the community does and thinks while pattern of thought is the mirror or ways of cultureï ¼Å½Pattern of thought is a special part of the social culture, and shaped by culture. There existsRead More Literary Analysis of ?The Grandfather? by Gary Soto Essay examples846 Words   |  4 PagesSoto’s writing goes right to the center of the Chicano experience (Dunn 284). In â€Å"The Grandfather†, Gary Soto presents the feeling of what everyday life would be like when living in a Hispanic community. Soto is able to do this with a naturalistic writing style, writing in a simple style, and using his real life experiences as a basis. Naturalism is a writing style in which the writer takes a slice of life and makes it last forever. In â€Å"The Grandfather† Soto uses a naturalistic style of writing. InRead MoreSummary Of A Quilt Of A Country And The Immigrant Contributions1113 Words   |  5 Pagesa Country† by Anna Quindlen and â€Å"The Immigrant Contribution by John F. Kennedy, they show similar writing styles by both using the formal diction, and contradict in the way that Quindlen takes a more poetic approach in her writing, while Kennedy, being the President of the United States, uses more sophisticated dictions. First of all, both Kennedy and Quindlen share a common diction in their writing: formal. One piece of evidence which is within Quindlen’s essay which supports the claim has the formalRead More Inventing A Writing Technology Essay examples1511 Words   |  7 PagesInventing A Writing Technology According to Walter Ong, an influential scholar of the relationship between technology and media, Literacy is imperious. It tends to arrogate to itself supreme power by taking itself as normative for human expression and thought. This is particularly true in high-technology cultures, which are built on literacy of necessity and which encourage the impression that literacy is an always to be expected and even natural state of affairs (316). Ong would probablyRead MoreHow Writing Is Important For The Creation Of Organized Societies1564 Words   |  7 PagesThere is no doubt, that writing is one of the greatest innovations of all time. I would also argue that writing was essential for the creation of organized societies. Although languages have existed long before this great invention, writing offered a superior view in transferring even the most complex information of ideas, beliefs, and concepts from one person to another and to larger groups. The Bronze – Age is where writ ing first emerged. Pictograms, cuneiform tablets and hieroglyphs are justRead MoreThe Globalization Of Eating Disorders1623 Words   |  7 PagesIn the writing â€Å"The Globalization of Eating Disorders† the author, Susan Bordo strongly uses the pathos appeal to influence the emotions of her audience. This writing speaks in detail about the growing issue of eating disorders, that is not only becoming an international issue; but as well I an issue that now affects young men and women alike. The way that this author uses this specific appeal is in a large part with very personal and relatable dialogue, about the sufferings of young adults thatRead More Cyber Culture: The Future of Print Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagestransportation. However, there are other ways in which technology is applied, one of those being the Internet and its various components including email, chat rooms, and search engines. The list of uses for the Internet is innumerable and many corporations and universities are forcing people to make use of it. But no matter how much this new technology is forced on us, people are still resistant to it. As George Landow, Professor of English and Art History at Brown University, states, Technology

Best Teacher Free Essays

1. If my memory serves my correct, â€Å"The Best Teacher† I remember is my 5th grade teacher, Mrs. Hawthorne. We will write a custom essay sample on Best Teacher or any similar topic only for you Order Now She taught at Stamford Middle School in Stamford, CT. Mrs. Hawthorne was tough, patient, caring, and didn’t mind going that extra mile for any of her students education. Whether it was staying afterschool, coming to your house for parent-teacher conferences, or even buying school materials for students that couldn’t afford them. Mrs. Hawthorne, to me, was the definition of a GREAT teacher. 2. I think when I teach my philosophy of education will be more of a behaviorist. Behaviorist puts emphasis on accountability, believes in practice, practices reinenforcement, and having objectives. All of these characteristics are what I think are important in helping a student learning and successed. This is also the philosophy I think most of my past good teachers followed. 3. My â€Å"life-changing† moment that involved my education was when I first met this Bronx native Geoffrey Canada. He came to our 8th grade class to talk to us, Ive never knew of Mr. Canada before that day. His speech was so heart-felt, almost like President Obama speeches. He talked about stereotypes, the importance of studying and practice, never giving up, and never settling for just getting by. Mr. Canada was a social activist, author, educator, and now is CEO of the Harlem Children’s Zone. Harlem Children’s Zone is a group of charter schools in Harlem that focuses on combating effects of poverty and improving child/parent education. Mr. Canada has showed me that you can come from anywhere and succeed, but when you succeed you she help others strive to succeed. How to cite Best Teacher, Essay examples

Calcium Essay Example For Students

Calcium Essay Calcium Element symbolCA Atomic weight40.08Element number20 Number of protons20Number of electrons20Number of neutrons20Density at68? F Boiling point2,264?FMelting point1,562?FCalcium was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davis in 1808. Calcium is a mineral found in abundance in the Earths outer crust. It is the fifth most abundant mineral in the Earth crust. Calcium is considered a major mineral because it is found in large quantity in the body. Milk also has a high amount of calcium and it is the best way to get calcium. Daily dietary requirements exceed over 100 mg. Calcium forms and maintains teeth, it helps with blood clotting, it helps build cell membranes, helps contract muscles, helps nerve transmissions and if the bones did not get calcium they would not grow properly. Plants also need calcium to grow because without and adequate supply of calcium to enrich the soil they would die. Calcium is never found as a pure element in nature. It is found as calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide (also know as lime(lime stone)), chalk, Iceland spar, coral, pearls, egg shells and calcium carbonate which makes up marble and gypsum. Lime stone and marble are used for buildings and building. Gypsum is found in plaster, when in crystal form it is called alabaster which is used by sculptors to carve, it is also found in cement.

Multicultural Counseling Competence and Training Survey (1) Essays

Multicultural Counseling Competence and Training Survey-Revised Not competent (Not able to perform at this time) Somewhat competent (More training needed) Competent (Able to perform competently) Extremely competent (Able to perform at a high level) 1. My ability to discuss my own ethnic/cultural heritage. 2. My ability to be aware of how my cultural background and experiences have influenced my attitudes about psychological processes. 3. My ability to discuss how my culture has influenced the way I think. 4. My ability to recognize when my attitudes, beliefs, and values are interfering with providing the best services to my students. 5. My ability to verbally communicate my acceptance of students from a culture different from mine. 6. My ability to communicate nonverbally my acceptance of culturally different students. 7. My ability to discuss my family's perspective regarding acceptable and non-acceptable codes-of-conduct. 8. My ability to discuss models of White Racial Identity Development. 9. My ability to define racism. 10. My ability to define prejudice. 11. My ability to define discrimination. 12. My ability to define stereotype. 13. My ability to identify the cultural bases of my communication style. 14. My ability to identify my negative and positive emotional reactions toward persons of other racial and ethnic groups. 15. My ability to identify my reactions that are based on stereotypical beliefs about different ethnic groups. 16. My ability to give examples of how stereotypical beliefs about culturally different persons impact thecounseling relationship. 17. My ability to articulate the possible differences between the nonverbal behavior of the five major ethnic groups(i.e., African/Black, Hispanic/Latino, Asian, NativeAmerican, European/White). 18. My ability to articulate the possible differences between the verbal behavior of the five major ethnic groups. 19. My ability to discuss the counseling implications for at least two models of racial/ethnic identity development. 20. My ability to discuss within-group differences among ethnic groups (e.g., low SES Puerto Rican student vs. highSES Puerto Rican student). 21. My ability to discuss how culture affects a student's vocational choices. 22. My ability to discuss how culture affects the help-seeking behaviors of students. 23. My ability to discuss how culture affects the manifestations of psychological disorders. 24. My ability to describe the degree to which a counseling approach is appropriate for a specific group of people. 25. My ability to explain how factors such as poverty, and powerlessness have influenced the current conditions of at least two ethnic groups. 26. My ability to discuss research regarding mental health issues among culturally/ethnically different populations. 27. My ability to discuss how the counseling process may conflict with the cultural values of at least two ethnic groups. 28. My ability to list at least three barriers that prevent ethnic minority students from using counseling services. 29. My ability to discuss the potential bias of two assessment instruments frequently used in the schools. 30. My ability to anticipate when my helping style is inappropriate for a culturally different student.

Accounting Differences Essays - Types Of Insurance, American Brands

Accounting Differences Essays - Types Of Insurance, American Brands Accounting Differences General Comments about the Insurance Industry Insurance Companies generate revenues by selling insurance policies. These policies provide a known amount of revenue for an unknown amount of losses offsetting that revenue. This can make the matching principle difficult. Some of the potential losses can come years after the insurance policy was written and the premiums received. The liabilities for these future losses are estimated by actuaries and are subject to a certain amount of interpretation by management. The accounting for the premium revenues is reflected in written vs. earned premium. Various statutory requirements are based on written premium, which is the amount of premium booked in a given accounting period. Earned premium is generally used for recognizing revenues for financial reporting. As insurance policies are written on an annual basis or longer, the premiums (revenues) are spread over the duration of the policy period even if the potential liability exceeds the policy period. The future liability is estimated and booked against the earned premiums. Some costs, however are not matched against this revenue, primarily commissions paid to the insurance agent that sold the policy. This expense is fully recognized at the time the premium is booked. These effects can have both positive and negative implications. In an era of declining written premiums, revenue can actually increase and expenses should decrease because of the costs incurred at the time the policy was written. Very few insurance companies in the United States actually make a profit by selling insurance. The profit is generally made from the investment income earned investing the premiums they receive now, but do not expect to pay out until some point in the future. This paper examines the published financial information of Reliance Group Holdings and Travelers Property Casualty Corp for the fiscal year ending December 31, 1998 and the third quarter reports for the quarter ending September 30, 1999. The letters to the shareholders are examined as well as the financial statements and subsequent notes. An outline of the accounting principles employed by both companies is provided as well as some basic ratio analysis. Reliance Group Holdings, Inc. 1998 Annual Report Letter to Shareholders from Saul Steinberg, Chairmen and CEO and Robert Steinberg, President and Chief Operating Officer. Operating income was up slightly over 1997. Net income was a record due to proceeds from sale of asset, Commonwealth Title. Reliance grew Shareholders Equity by $1.32 billion, highest it has ever been in the history of the company. This may not be significant accomplishment if the company had sustained steady operating and earnings growth over the long run. Reliance had 18% growth in property and casualty premiums, despite continued soft pricing environment and significant catastrophic losses as well as other weather related losses. Combined ratio for 1998 102.1. Combined ratio is a measure of premiums spent to cover losses and expenses. For every dollar in premium revenues, the company spent $1.02 in expenses and losses. Employee and management ownership aligns interests of employees with that of shareholders. The Steinberg's note a successful track record of putting innovative and specialized skills to work. In the third quarter of 1999 it will be noted that several of these innovations were not as profitable as they thought they were. Note disciplined underwriting approach. Reliance National Reliance Group Holdings largest profit center offering specialized property and casualty insurance and risk management services. They broke new ground in overseas expansion and e-commerce opportunities. These e-commerce opportunities are Cybercomp, a program to offer workmen's compensation insurance over the Internet. Reliance National's international sources generated 12% of the total premium in 1998, through offices in London, China and Argentina. Reliance Insurance This is considered a middle market company, writing insurance for small and mid size companies. The Steinbergs feel this is one of the few companies offering a full range of specialized products delivered locally. This means it is underwritten through local branch offices. Reliance National business is largely underwritten centrally, in their head office in New York. Reliance Reinsurance Reinsurance offers a method of limiting exposure for the generators of insurance policies. A reinsurer will take on a portion of a risk for a portion of the premium. Reliance Reinsurance got out of several less attractive lines of business and as they did not act soon enough as significant reserve adjustments

Week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Week 4 - Essay Example One similar account of affair was seen in the early 21st century when Iraq was invaded for the core reason for enacting the long lost and long deprived democracy from its people. This version of the democratic peace theory is relatively aggressive in its outlook. This version can be termed as the amalgamation and the outlook of the recent political events and progress. The engagement of war based on the claim of democracy is often seen as the paradox, however one of the three prominent versions of peace theory. The global order is advocated for in the form of democracy prevailing even if it required aggressive means adoption. The second version of this theory stresses upon the economic aspect equality and balancing. This form does not include direct confrontation or any measures that are otherwise taken for the purpose of democratic enactment. This version of theory is considered to be closer to the original theme that was introduced as an alternative to the other theories that advocated war offensives and other extreme measures. The third version of this theory is related to the international relations enactment. Although the aim is to ensure democratic setups, yet mutual cooperation and mutual co existence are two of the factors and variables that are stressed for in this version. The collective aims under this doctrine include poverty eradication, economic prosperity, respecting sovereignty and fighting all other ills and evils that are faced by the modern world (Zimelis). The version pertaining to the global community based on mutual cooperation and respecting one another’s sovereignty amounts to the more relevant and most likely implementable form of democratic peace theory. The theory is compelling based on the fact that the world has seen different other forms of ideologies yet the injustice, inequality and the oppression of the mighty against the weak has not stopped and is still in practice. As a result and

Visual Arts And Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Visual Arts And Film - Essay Example The features of melodrama, according to Peter Brooks are several among them are that melodrama has a beginning and wants to end in innocence. Melodrama is also depicted as having victim-heroes whose virtues are upheld in the end. Melodrama borrows from realism to appear real. This is done so as to add action and passion in the film. With melodrama, there is pathos and action. Characters who represent good and evil are the main cast in the melodrama.The opening sequence of All About My Mother is serene and depicts the beginning of a rather emotional movie. The opening sequence of The Return is rather scary. The movie starts with slow music that makes it sound like a horror film. The opening sequence of Raise the Red Lantern depicts the traditional lifestyle of the Chinese and presents a Chinese aura about the movie. The opening sequence of Kung Fu Hustle is dramatic and serves to hold the viewer's attention towards the start of a dramatic movie. The opening sequence of The Maid is ent ertaining even with the starting music that seems to suggest the beginning of a comedy-like film. An example of self-reflexivity in the film is Attitude and ability for one to measure them. Also, one can self-learn instrumentally or socio-culturally. This is with the aid of personal actions or activities. The author of quote A is Samantha Lay. The author of the second quote is David Bordwell. The author of quote C is Cesare Zavattini. The author of quote D is Stephen Neale. The author of quote E is Raymond Williams.

For patients in a home setting with wounds, does use of tap water to Research Proposal

For patients in a home setting with wounds, does use of tap water to cleanse wound affect rate of infection and healing compared to use of normal saline to cleanse wounds in a month period - Research Proposal Example Presently, this process has an initial integrated into the patients’ healthcare plan as opposed to previously when its application was because of an infection. Since the process was officially under inauguration, it has undergone several alterations that aid the science transferred to the bedside to aid in the healing intervention. The process use an acronym (TIME) which stands for tissue management, infection and inflammation, moisture control and balance and the final step is epithelial advancement. This process advances the art of wound healing without deviating from the base principles of moisture control, debridement and bacterial control. This framework is not a continuum and therefore is applicable in a large number of wounds (Fleisher & Ludwig, 2010). This framework is only applicable if the level of intervention is as thorough as the level of the assessment following it. The assessment helps identify how the wound is affecting the individual, cause of the wound and the effects of the individual on the wound. This aids in the determination of the healing process happening and the appropriate way to manage the wound. This process is also essential as the nurse in charge needs to collect data on how the wound’s management. The first step is debridement, which is a practice on empirical observation. Although this method has no proof of expediting healing, it is a clinical advice since it helps in striking a balance in the wound’s bio burden. After a wound, the body produces hormones and body enzymes form a corrosive compound on the surface of the wound. The control to this is simply making sure that a moisture balance is in place. Dressing and elevating it helps in minimizing this exudate therefore giving the wound an atmosphere for healing (Kifer, 2012). The most important step in wound healing, is balancing the bacteria on the wound. A wound contains microorganisms and tissue debris and this can delay healing. Pathogens

McDonalds change process in supply chain management

McDonalds change process in supply chain management Our project is based upon the organization McDonalds and their change process in supply chain management in order to succeed in Indian market. We first look to the background of our company and the need of change them we see its strengths and weaknesses. We will also see its major competitors and how they are doing. After this part is covered we will see the important stakeholders in our organization and the way they have helped the organization to execute the change process. Then we have applied the Force Field Model and 3 step model of Kotters to support our topic. And in the end we use 8 Step Model to show the necessary change our organization needs in order to be competitive. Introduction In todays world McDonalds is a tantamount in fast food industry. McDonalds is well known and renowned with a good brand image around whole globe. It has 120 restaurants that provide fast food all over the globe serving around fifty-four million customers every day and has its headquarters in US. The McDonalds serves its customers with burgers and other fast food variety products. It also serves other food products like French fries, Big Mac, Quarter Pounder, Chicken Nuggets and Egg McMuffin. It has a viewpoint of providing one world with one burger. It does maintain a very high standard in price and quality issues. Its name is the biggest in the world in fast food industry. The reason why I have selected McDonalds for change management process is because they are such vast and huge and do maintain a high standard that requires a very good supply chain management. Thus the change process of supply chain management will help them Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) which is a systematic approach of saving them from food wastage. Controlling this can help them maintain good food and quality with pricing issue in the India. Task 1(a) Discuss the background to change that exists in todays economy that motivated your organisation to consider Change. In todays world all fast food industries want to have good service providing hygienic food with affordable price at good quality. In order to maintain this circumstance all fast food industry wants to have a very good inventory management. During the past few decades because of globalization, information technology and outsourcing have changed the way in which we look and maintain inventory. Traditionally the companies would focus on supply network inputs and outputs of the process. But because of globalization supply change management has been drastically been changed with concepts of Just in time, lead management and Agile manufacturing which has helped to reduce communication costs and transaction costs. Hence McDonalds went for similar concept of using functions of supply change management. With McDonalds having such a vast reach globally needed to maintain its supply chain management and quality issues. By doing so they saved their costs considerably. Todays supply chain management also contains concepts of customer relation management, Procurement, Product development and commercialization, Manufacturing flow management/support and many more which help the company maintaining good supply chain management in order to work efficiently. Thus by following all these concepts of supply chain management McDonalds felt that they would grow at a faster rate with saving a lots of cash and getting more effective and efficient in Indian Market. In order to maintain successful supply chain management maintaining change would help them grow bigger and better. By following the method SCM and its quality management function of it has given them earn great profits in Indian Market. Task 1(b) Theoretically Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of bureaucratic organizations Strengths of McDonalds: McDonalds has many advantages this is simply because it is the one of the oldest fast food industry which has a good reputation all over the world. Also the brand name of McDonalds is very good this is because of its specifications in providing fast food items. With McDonalds providing burgers, French fries, etc. and many more items which are well known and loved by the customers all over the world. It does also posses good staff and very good management team which is their strength. It also offers its customer with choice, at reasonable price and superb service. Also it is spread over all geographic locations of the world with a reputation of maintaining good quality and price. It does provide meals to its customers in different parts of globe according to the taste of the local people with its burgers and fries. Their innovation helps them in maintaining good customer relations and retaining them. Each and every McDonalds restaurant has duplication and systemization of products. They also serve only branded items like Dannon yogurt, Craft cheese, Nestle chocolate and many more. McDonalds does provide a very good standard all over the world and it is been choose by the customers as their first priority to eat in a fast food restaurant. As it maintains a good standard all over the world it does enjoy in implementing changes very effectively. McDonalds has been ranked number one by Fortune magazine in years like 2005, 2008 and many more. Packards children hospital centre has mentioned that Children aged between 3 and 5 years choose to have food at McDonalds. They are also successful in adapting local cultures in different countries they have their restaurants. Their business operates around 87% of franchises and they are the number franchised company. Weakness of McDonalds: Although being the most well known an trusted fast food industry their experiment of starting pizza failed and they were not able to compete with other fast food pizza operating chains. Since then they have never tried to compete for pizzas. Every year there is a high employee turnover because of training given to their employees. Also they have made no entries into organic food categories. There core products are out of line and do not match the healthier lifestyles for adults and teenagers because it focuses mainly on burgers and fast food items. As McDonalds is 87% been managed by their Franchises and hence there is always a problem of quality control. As all franchise do not keep the quality maintained by the McDonalds. Also their relations with their investors are not been very good this is because of fluctuating operating and net profits over time. Every year there is a vast change in their income and thus its relations with its investors is not that good. As most of its restaurants are owned and managed by other man and woman there is big difference in standardization of products and price at which products are been served. Task 1 c) Theoretically compare alternative forms of organizational development. There are many more companies that are doing very good business in fast food industry. They are as follows KFC, Pizza Hut, Burger King etc. from all these companies McDonald faces toughest competition from KFC as their main focus is on fried Chicken items itself. KFC is worlds most popular chicken restaurant in the world. It has specialized extra crispy, grilled chicken, spicy wings, recipe strips and home- made chicken sandwiches. KFC owner Colonel started a concept of finger liking goods with 11 herbs and spices to start Kentucky Fried Chicken. KFC was introduced in UK in the year 1965 first US quick chain restaurant to be get started in UK. It operates around more than 700 KFC restaurants around UK and Ireland. KFC spends around 202 million pounds for its famous coating. Every day around 12 million customer around 109 countries of the globe are been served by KFC. It has around 5200 restaurants in US alone and operates more than 16,200 restaurants around the world. Recently it has reached a mark off 2.4 billion sales per year and has made increased profits around 25% in recent years. McDonalds other competitor in fast food industry is Pizza Hut which was started by Frank and Dan Carney in 1950s. As the name suggest Pizza hut specializes in making pizzas all over the world currently operating around 10,000 and more restaurants in about more than 90 countries. It has around 6500 online ordering locations from which customers can get their pizza. Their pan pizza is been loved by all pizza eaters all over the world. And they offer yummy pizza with cheese which is been loved by all. Although McDonalds had tries to enter its shoes when they had started a similar concept to start giving Pizzas in their own restaurants but they failed as they were not able to maintain it the way Pizza hut does. Task 2(a) Identify the key Stakeholders in your organisation and Develop systems to involve those stakeholders in the introduction of change. In McDonalds business the key stakeholders are customers, business partners, employees and opinion leaders. Customers are the persons who buy McDonalds food items they range from very young to extremely old individuals. Business partners include both suppliers and other franchises. Employees are the persons working in KFC and are a key part of the business as all duties of execution are in their hand. Opinion leaders are those groups of people that generate ideas for the business. They are media person, health professionals, environmental groups and other government. In India more than 50,000 Crore of food is been wasted every year because of lack of storage facilities and also because of transportation. With McDonalds aim to provide quality products to Indian people served at McDonalds they introduced the concept of Cold Chain which was been revised from supply chain management which was decision of stakeholders of McDonalds operating its restaurants in India. SCM is flow of materials from suppliers and all their upstream suppliers at all level, transformation of products into semi-finished goods and distribution of these goods to customers and their downstream at all levels. It operates around 20 quality checks in order to provide good quality of products to its customers in Cold Chain process of Supply chain management. In India all these stakeholders played an important role in managing supply chain management. McDonalds was always been looking to sourcing its major business requirements from suppliers and farmers. They always looked forward to maintain a good relationship with the local businesses which resulted and ensured its success is mirrored by its suppliers in India. They looked to those important stakeholders like suppliers who were keen in providing customers with high quality products to customers. With McDonalds looking for local business partners for its business in order to provide food is a very good opportunity for these local businesses to increase its businesses. Task 2(b) Analyse and evaluate these systems which you had used to involve the key stakeholder in change process. In our system of SCM at McDonalds in Indian market the involvement of key Stakeholders like suppliers and customers is very important from making decision how to manage the inventory and how do the supplies for products need to be arranged and what kind of menu should be placed according to the taste of the Indian public. In order to implement the change in the SCM process McDonalds selected the Cold Chain process for Indian Market and there was a keen part played by all the stakeholders on each and every process. Main steps that are been involved in Cold Chain are procurement, warehousing, transportation and retailing. The process of cold chain was very effective and essential for specially a market like India because it integrates food products from its suppliers and are been stored and transported in a standard manner in order to maintain products freshness and keep up the nutrition value of it. In Cold chain suppliers play an important role with the help of advanced technology in order to maintain good state of food. The supply chain management from its suppliers to warehouse and finally from the distribution channel to its stores was been maintained in by the concept of Cold Chain. It considers all steps of SCM and keeps the food items at a controlled temperature. The food items that are been served at restaurants in Indian McDonalds on daily basis were to be kept under the temperature between -18Â °Censisu to 4Â °Censius. Almost every product in the warehouse and during transportation should be kept under these temperatures for quality issues. If the quality of these food products is not been maintained them it would damage the reputation of the company. And hence strict rules and very skilled people are been employed in order to carry all these tasks. Hence McDonalds stakeholders from supplier, distributors, employees and franchises made a good decision in order for the goods to be stored and transported properly and with a good standard. Also the necessary temperatures were maintained to provide the customers with a good food. Technology helped the business in order to maintain proper functioning of all stages of qualitative SCM. Thus, Cold Chain function of SCM (supply change management) helped the Stakeholders at McDonalds India to provide a system that would help them to generate profits by maintaining a good quality of products been served at their restaurants. Task 3(a) Identify number of appropriate models for change that suites your organisation. FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS (DRIVING FORCES/ RESTIRTCING FORCES) on McDonalds: McDonalds supply chain process of Cold Chain was been followed in order to maintain change which would help them to be successful in Indian Continent. But in order to achieve it there are a number of driving forces that conflicting with restraining forces that go against it. For McDonalds to achieve success the driving force was adopting Cold Chain process of SCM that would help them gain success and conflicting with them was to maintain good quality that was tough to achieve in India. But to change the way in which they operate their business they had to maintain quality with supply chain management. This was been achieved by following these key steps: Investigate the balance of power involved in an issue: The change process was to outsource its suppliers in India and also to maintain good food quality for its restaurants. This was been achieved by the process of Cold Chain in which standard temperatures were been maintained in order to achieve quality food products by the use of effective technology. Identify the key stakeholders on the issue: The key stakeholders in our business are the customers, business partners, employees and opinion leaders. Customers are the people who are going to consume our products they range from young individuals to old age group. Business partners are the business partners and Franchises. Employees are those people that are going to work in our esteemed organization to maintain all its standards. And opinion leaders are government, media etc. Identify opponents and allies: The major opponents of McDonalds are US fast food industry such as KFC, Pizza Hut, and Burger King. Amongst all these they face toughest competition from KFC as their main target is providing customers with Fried Crispy Chicken. And pizza hut specializing in providing Crispy pizzas. Both KFC and Pizza Hut have more than 10,000 restaurants around more than 90 countries in the world. As per the allies of McDonalds they have many Franchises in counties they operate their business. Identify how to influence the target groups: According to McDonalds approach they approach to local suppliers in each country they operate their business and maintain a good relationship with them. Their main focus is to outsource all parts of their products in the countries they operate. While outsourcing all its products and maintain good relationship with them suppliers they can easily enter the market with changing their Menu according to the taste of the local people and thus enjoying profits. THE 3 STEP MODEL on McDonalds: By the use of Lewins 3 Step Model we are going to see the change process that McDonalds followed in order to enter the Indian Market successfully. McDonalds approach to achieve quality management in India through supply chain management process function of Cold Chain. By successful implementation of Cold Chain and key decisions made by stakeholders in outsourcing supplies were some key decisions that helped them achieve success in Indian market. Stage 1: Unfreeze The first step to achieve change in Indian market was to study the Indian market and the lifestyle that was been followed by the people living in there. The first key step by McDonalds to start its business in India with change in way they operate was to outsource their supplies to local suppliers. They did so because local Indians knew the taste and choice of people which helped the McDonalds to prepare menu accordingly. The supply change was a key factor in Indian market because every year around 50,000 Crore worth of food was been wasted. To change this factor effectively it was very important in the way that McDonalds would set its Supply chain management. As they had a world -wide tag of being quality providing fast food company. And if this was not been handheld properly it would affect them diversely. In order to come out of this they followed a simple function of supply chain management called as Cold Chain which helped them to maintain procurement, warehousing, transportation and retailing of their food products effectively. The change had to be supported by the technology in order to maintain products under normal temperature. In India to maintain such a level of quality was very difficult but McDonalds was successful for finding such suppliers who would provide their customers with the best product with best quality. Stage 2: Transition Once the supply chain managements function Cold Chain was been adopted it was very necessary for McDonalds to approach the right suppliers that would provide them with good quality products and also maintain a very strong relationship with them in the upcoming future. Also they needed to check that the state of their warehouse was in a perfect condition in order for them to store their food products. Drip and sprinkler irrigation in raised farm beds with fertilizer mixing plant. It was not only the condition of warehouse in which the products were kept but it was to maintain those food products at the right temperature so that they are not been destroyed or been damaged. Pre-cooling room and a large cold room for post harvest handling. If so happened then it would cost them great losses. After the food products were been properly stored at the warehouse the next stage was to safely take them back to stores when they were required. Once they were been off from warehouse and been getting transported in refrigerated trucks would help them to keep the right temperature. It was to be maintained properly so that they were not been spoiled during transportation. And also they had to make sure that they were been stocked properly in the stores at right temperature so that they could be of good quality. With good use of technology all these was been achieved by the McDonalds when they started their business in Indian Market. Although the change in supply chain management was totally different of the way in which McDonalds would do their business in other parts of the world. To get everything right at the first did took them time but they were successful in maintaining it. The most important factor for McDonalds was to get right people to be employed in their stores that could handle all type of customers and that would be able to solve and reply to customers efficiently. But at the end it was McDonalds that was able to achieve all that it wanted by taking SCMs Cold Chain concept for its business organizations. Stage 3: Refreeze With McDonalds able to achieve success with its Cold Chain management process was done step by step. In beginning they were did well but as time went on they were able to better all their departments of supply chain management. They then were able to get good deals with suppliers and were able to force them to get food products as they were so big that suppliers could not effort to lose them. As McDonalds went buzzing with its Indian Menu that was made according to Indian people taste. They were able to get better people wanting to work with them and seek a better future with them. Thus it was able to achieve considerable increase after their initial success helped them to control quality and all hygiene factors that were important to their image which was been placed in minds of every individual all over the world. Technology to maintain and keep up all aspects of their business was also a critical success factor. Task 3(b) How would you go ahead in implementing one or more model(s) in your chosen organisation and what improvements do you expect to achieve by implementing your chosen model(s). For our organization I would prefer 8 Step change Model for the following reasons: Step One: Create Urgency The McDonalds wanted to change the way they operated their supply chain management in India because they saw India as a good market for their fast food industry and with a good supply change management they could earn massive profits with local taste. Indian market was been seen as a mass market an in order to achieve success in India they needed to pull out a good combination of market mix and supply chain to succeed. Step Two: Form a Powerful Coalition Before making the inroads into Indian market there was a good research made about the Indian market and likes of the people. McDonalds wanted to grow its reach all over the world and in order to succeed in India they did require a good relationship with local suppliers from the beginning to launch fast food restaurants in India. Although this was not easy and they had to spent a lot of money and resources to understand the taste of Indian people and their lifestyle. But with a contract with suppliers to help them from beginning and outsource all products helped them make good inroads. Step Three: Create a Vision for Change With the Vision to outsource all its products in India and to have good channel with agricultural farmers was a key step bringing a change to their business in Indian market. This vision to change their supply chain management through a process of Cold Chain in which all food products should be kept under -18 degree census to 4 degree census was their main Vision operating change to their business. Step Four: Communicate the Vision With the vision of having a good relationship with suppliers who are looking forward to provide good food products to its customers and maintaining standard temperatures for their food products on daily basis was their day to day strategy. With providing good supply chain meant there would be no waste of food products and close relationship with suppliers would help them to understand local tastes so that they could make Menus as per the taste of local crowds. Especially in Indian market where every year around 50,000 Crore of food is been wasted this was a good plan to start communicating with. Step Five: Remove Obstacles After the successful implementation of its processed function of Cold Chain McDonalds was able to maintain food products at a standard temperature at which they would not be spoiled and good relationship with suppliers would maintain good day to day operation of their business. Although maintaining those suppliers for longer period and also maintaining a good skilled employed that would understand at what temperatures the food products should be preserved was very important. But they were successful in executing both functions properly by maintaining good relations with suppliers and recruiting and providing training to employees that could carry day to day operations of business properly and moving with great guns. Step Six: Create Short-term Wins Although the way that McDonalds had targeted Indian market for its fast food chain was long term but its short term goals like selecting right suppliers and employing and training skilled people for its day to day operations when they would began their fast food restaurants was very important. With its short term plan to cut out on food waste while transporting and employing right people with good skills gave the company great boosting success with its intro in Indian market. The help they got from suppliers to understand taste of local people in introducing Menus according to local tastes was important. And a long term goal to succeed in all departments. Step Seven: Build on the Change The McDonalds should keep on developing their business by introducing more restaurants and developing relations with more suppliers in order to be the fast food giant in Indian Market and put KFC, Pizza Hut and some local fast food chains like Dominos pizza and many more. E advanced technologies should be placed at workforce to provide its employees with latest machines to serve the customers on the till. They should keep in touch of the taste of the local people as the environment changes with the changing taste of people and their lifestyle. And should always try to provide customers with good deals that they would be satisfied and maintain their loyalty towards the McDonalds in India. Step Eight: Anchor the Changes in Corporate Culture Although McDonalds has expanded its business in more than 109 countries but it still follows its basic burgers and French fries to its customers all over the world. They might have different Menus in different countries to support the taste of the people but they have always kept their basic food items and also culture all over the globe to be the number fast food company.

Bob Dylan Essay -- essays research papers

Bob Dylan, born Robert Zimmerman on May 24th, 1941, has perhaps been one of the most influential singer songwriters of all time. Young Dylan lived the first five or six years of his life in Duluth, Minnesota, until his father became ill with polio and lost his job. The family then moved to Hibbing, Minnesota, where they slept in the living room of his fathers parents house for about two years. As a boy he started listening to late night rhythm and blues stations from Chicago. He pestered the local record store for the newest singles from Hank Williams, Chuck Barry, Howlin' Wolf , and John Lee Hooker, just to name a few. These early influences played, and still play, a big role in Dylan’s unique musical style. Somewhere around the age of ten, Dylan realized that he wanted to be a guitarist and a singer. Soon he formed his own bands, The Golden Chords, The Shadow Blasters, and Elston Gunn & The Rock Boppers. His fellow students were shocked to hear such a voice come from the small kid, when he sang at a high school talent show. After high school graduation in 1959, Dylan enrolled in the University of Minnesota, but never graduated. Instead, he started playing in nearby coffeehouses, and was quickly taken in by the artistic community. There he was introduced to rural folk music of artist like Big Bill Broonzy, Leadbelly, Roscoe Holocomb, and the great Woody Guthrie. Throughout his life, Dylan will blend these three (blues, rock 'n' roll, and folk) mus...

Han vs Rome Ap World

Comparative Essay The massively extensive classical empires of Imperial Rome (31BCE-476CE) and Han China (206BCE-220CE) were extremely influential when it came to the world around them. In essence, the two empires were virtually the same in terms of political structure and military protocols, yet greatly different in the area of religious tolerance. Both Han China and Imperial Rome had a political system structure consisting of a sovereign emperor who made executive, almost dictator-like, decisions and directed the affairs of the empire.However, in both empires, emperors relied on regional governors to regulated affairs in their respective regions due to the fact that both empires were so massive and consisted of an enormous population. These leaders would also collect a tax that was imposed on free peasants of the empire. In both empires, the emperor was seen as a god-like figure, for example the Mandate of Heaven in Han China was used to persuade the citizens that the emperor was a direct link to the gods.Both Han China and Imperial Rome used religion as a helper in political culture. Confucianism was enforced by the government and promoted obedience, loyalty, and reverence to one’s social superiors. In Rome, Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity in 312CE, and used the church as a sort of guidance/advisor. Both civilizations established a type of â€Å"civil service† based on educated members of the middle class. As far as military protocols go, both militaries worked extensively on projects for the empire such as roads to expedite troop movement.Late in the histories of both empires, foreign soldiers were enlisted in the military due to a drop in population of plagues hit the society. The Roman’s enlisted the help of the Germanic tribes while the Hans enlisted the help of the Mongols. These â€Å"mercenary† soldiers lacked greatly in motivation and pride. Both civilizations enlisted the help of soldiers of the people who w ere invading them. The military prowess of both civilizations was used to hold and maintain peace once expansion was accomplished.While both civilizations consisted of one sovereign emperor, the methods in which emperors imposed their authorities differed between each. In Rome, the emperors resorted to threats and promises, where as in Han China, the emperors relied mostly on the Mandate of Heaven institution and tributes/gifts from the citizens. Both rulers had a slightly different role as well. The Emperor of China was judge, jury, and executioner, whereas the Emperor of Rome could not act without the senate's approval.With military expedition and empire expansion, the methods were quite different. When the Romans conquered a new region, they would enforce soldiers in that region until the tax was collected. After the tax was paid, the Romans allowed the conquered peoples to keep their cultural ways. This also applied to religion. Conquered peoples could remain with their religion as long as they followed the system. In fact, in 212CE, Rome offered citizenship to conquered peoples in exchange for adopting Roman culture.This offer was extended to all free people of the conquered region, and citizenship for them meant they had the right to hold office, serve in legions, and others. However, becoming a citizen did not erase their other identities like religious views. Rome also collected many foreign religions, making the entire empire a college of religious views. Unlike Rome, Han China forced Confucian beliefs upon their conquered areas. When the Han invaded and conquered Korea and Vietnam, they established a Chinese-style rule upon the people and forced Confucian beliefs upon them.Han did not collect foreign religions with the exception of Buddhism. Han China and Imperial Roman political structure, military protocols, and religious tolerance share various similarities in political structure and military protocols, and are more different in the area of religi ous tolerance. While both political structures involved a sovereign emperor who used regional leaders as a way to extend his control to the outskirts of the empire, they differed in the ways the emperor imposed his authority.With military protocols, both militaries were involved in the construction of roads that expanded all over the empire. However, the militaries differed in how they treated their conquered peoples with religion and culture. Both empires had some form of religious tolerance. Han Chinese citizens were allowed to practice Buddhism while the Roman Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity. However, Romans had more tolerance for foreign religions in the empire than Han China did.

The eNotes Blog Reading Round-Up March

Reading Round-Up March We asked everyone in the office to talk about their favorite books from the last month. Take a look at our favorite reads from March, and let us know in the comments which books you’ll be adding to your to-read list. From nonfiction to comedy to graphic novel, there’s something for everyone here! Ghana Must Go by Taiye Selasi Page count: 336 Genre: Fiction Publish date: 2013 In Ghana Must Go, author Taiye Selasi explores the winding and complex histories of the members of the Sai family. Beginning with the death of Kweku Sai and tracing back through his wife and children’s personal lives, Selasi explores themes of family, empathy, trauma. Kweku has left his family to return to his home country of Ghana after losing his job as a surgeon, and after his death, his family must reassemble to go there as well. The surviving children and wife reconnect with one another, bringing them closer together. Selasi navigates difficult subjects with grace, and her book is emotional and compelling. - Alyson, Editorial Intern The Help by Kathryn Stockett Page count: 465 Genre: Fiction; Historical Fiction Publish date: 2009 This month, I read The Help by Kathryn Stockett. The novel is set in Jackson, Mississippi, in the 1960s and switches between the perspectives of three women who collaborate on a book detailing the experiences of black maids in the South. Through their voices, Stockett paints a picture of Mississippi in the civil rights era, highlighting the racism and inequality of the time. The women in the novel are strong, dynamic, and easy to root for, and Stockett’s writing beautifully draws readers into the fight for social change in the 1960s. I found the novel easy to read and emotionally charged. I especially loved how it covered multiple perspectives while communicating the importance of listening to ones own moral compass. - Mary, Editorial Intern Laphams Quarterly: â€Å"Night† Page count: 224 Genre: History; Collection Publish date: 2018 Recently, I read the Winter 2019 issue of Lapham’s Quarterly, which deals with the subject of â€Å"Night† by highlighting how different cultures and historical epochs relay their relationships to darkness and, by extension, the unknown. By compiling excerpts from historical texts, Lapham’s Quarterly ensures that there will be a passage for any reader. Among my personal favorites is from the medical writings of Laurent Joubert, a man who sought to dispel common misconceptions about medicine in 16th century Europe and who endorsed the medical conclusion that nighttime caused hair to turn white- particularly in those â€Å"whose brains are moist.† I would recommend this magazine to anyone who inclines towards primary historical texts, especially those who enjoy discovering bizarre and (frequently) useless anecdotes that illustrate how certain ideas and entities have changed throughout history. - Megan, Editorial Intern â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates Page count: 9 Genre: Short Story; Horror Publish date: 1994 This March, I read â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† a short story by Joyce Carol Oates. Innocent at first, the story depicts a vapid teenage girl named Connie, who is only interested in looking pretty, finding boys, and going out with her friends. In an unexpected twist from a typical teenage story to one of eldritch horror, Connie finds herself stalked by an older boy who’s more fiend than friend- and his sinister and eerie tendencies spell out a potentially unfortunate end for Connie. Joyce Carol Oates creates a goosebumps-inducing, spooky story that makes readers search for the devil in the details. - Bryn, Editorial Intern Lincoln in the Bardo by George Saunders Page count: 343 Genre: Fiction; Historical Fiction Publish date: 2017 This month, I read George Saunderss Lincoln in the Bardo, which conveyed one of the most original visions of a ghostly purgatory I have ever encountered. The New York Times called the book â€Å"a weird folk art diorama of a cemetery come to life,† and Im hard-pressed to think of a better tagline. Devastated by the sudden death of his son Willie, Lincoln visits Willies body in the cemetery, unaware of the impact his presence has on the cabal of souls lingering there. Avant-garde in form and heartfelt in content, Lincoln in the Bardo provides an honest look at suffering, a reminder that we do not suffer alone, and a way to carry on. - Wes, Managing Editor A Room of Ones Own by Virginia Woolf Page count: 112 Genre: Nonfiction; Essays Publish date: 1945 I finally read my first work by Virginia Woolf, her novella A Room of Ones Own. In it, she examines women writing fiction as they exist in patriarchal society. I enjoyed the intimate first-person voice- feeling seen, heard, and spoken-to by Woolf, even though this was published 90 years ago. I marked up the book so much, I had to create a table of contents for the highlights! Though shes deliciously loquacious and every paragraph is so worth everyones time, three of my favorite quotes almost capture the essence of this feminist manifesto: â€Å"I would venture to guess that Anon, who wrote so many poems without signing them, was often a woman.† Intellectual freedom depends upon material things. Poetry depends upon intellectual freedom. And women have always been poor, not for two hundred years merely, but from the beginning of time. Therefore I would ask you to write all kinds of books I hope that you will possess yourselves of money enough to travel and to idle, to contemplate the future or the past of the world, to dream over books and loiter at street corners and let the line of thought dip deep into the stream.† - Sam, Head of Marketing The Only Harmless Great Thing  by Brooke Bolander Page count: 93 Genre: Science Fiction Publish date: 2018 This March, I read Brooke Bolander’s The Only Harmless Great Thing, a genre-bending alternate history full of stunning prose, unique voices, and righteous rage. The novella is inspired by two tragic, real events: the deaths of the Radium Girls, 20th century factory workers who contracted radiation poisoning from luminous paint; and the 1903 public execution of Topsy, an abused circus elephant. Bolanders novella creates a fictitious and fantastical intersection for these historical atrocities. After lawsuits force the company ownership to confront the effects of the luminous paint on humans, they train sentient elephants to take over the job. Readable in one sitting, The Only Harmless Great Thing ruminates on cultural memory, institutional violence, and the cathartic powers of rage and solidarity. Bolander refuses to sanitize injustice or make martyrs of the oppressed. Instead, she asserts the importance of reclaiming our stories and reminds us that all things are easier faced together than apart. - Marissa, Editorial Intern The Black Tides of Heaven and  The Red Threads of Fortune  by JY Yang Page count: 213–236 Genre: Fantasy Publish date: 2017 This month I escaped the dreary Seattle winter by reading The Black Tides of Heaven and  The Red Threads of Fortune, the two novellas that begin JY Yang’s Tensorate series. These stories introduced me to the silkpunk genre of fantasy- think steampunk but drawing on the history, mythology, and technology of classical Asian societies rather than 19th-century Britain and the US. Yang’s first two novellas follow the lives of Mokoya and Akeha, royal-born twin Tensors: mages who work with the elements to bend the fabric of reality. Throughout their respective, interconnected stories, Mokoya and Akeha find themselves dealing with political intrigue, prophecies, family drama, new forms of magic and tech, gigantic dragon-like beings that block out the sun, queer romance, and questions of gender. (In the world of the Protectorate, gender isn’t assigned at birth- young people get to choose for themselves.) Oh yeah, and Mokoya rides a dinosaur. Needless to say, I’ll be picking up the third book in the series, The Descent of Monsters, as soon as possible. - Jules, Editor

The Title IX Decision against the Quinnipiac University

The Title IX Decision against the Quinnipiac University The question of gender is actively discussed in relation to sport with references to providing the equal opportunities for female athletes. According to Title IX, any discrimination regarding the sex or gender issues is prohibited (Thornton, 2010). The Title IX Decision against the Quinnipiac University of 2010 became one of the most controversial cases associated with the question.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Title IX Decision against the Quinnipiac University specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was stated that the Quinnipiac University intended to eliminate the women’s varsity volleyball team because of the lack of funding and to develop a competitive cheerleading team instead. The volleyball team’s players and their coach insisted on trying the case in court because of violating Title IX in relation to providing the equal opportunities for university athletes. According to the injunction prov ided by the Judge Stefan Underhill, the volleyball team was allowed to continue the activities during the next season when the development of the competitive cheerleading team could not be discussed as the alternative to the female sport team to meet the Title IX requirements. To evaluate the effectiveness of Underhill’s decision, it is necessary to pay attention to the details of the case. The volleyball team of the Quinnipiac University and the team’s coach accentuated that the plan to eliminate the team violates Title IX because the proportion of the male and female athletes would be defied. From this point, it is possible to speak about the direct violation of Title IX in relation to providing the equal opportunities for male and female athletes. Underhill stated that the fact of discriminating female athletes’ rights was presented, and the Quinnipiac University was obliged to provide the opportunities for the team to perform during the next season (The Quin nipiac University Case, 2010). Thus, the legal strength of the argument was accentuated, and the team could be discussed as winning the case. However, there are two visions of the decision. On the one hand, the rights and interests of the women’s varsity volleyball team were met, and the fact of discrimination was stated. On the other hand, the team was allowed to perform only during the 2010-2011 season, and the question was discussed again in 2012. Thus, the decision provided by the judge lacked some details.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, Underhill concentrated on the fact that it was impossible to refer to the cheerleading team as the competitive team and to discuss that team as the alternative to the volleyball team to meet the Title IX requirements. The decision provided by Underhill was rather effective while discussing the cheerleading tea m as inappropriate alternative to the female volleyball team. Nevertheless, the controversy was associated with the fact that Underhill focused on the standards of the competitive sport teams and judged about the relevance of the standards and cheerleading team’s features to discuss it as the sport team. Underhill supported the decision in relation to the definition of the varsity sport with references to the Title IX standards (The Quinnipiac University Case, 2010). It is important to pay attention to the fact that the position of the judge as the advisor or an expert to determine the standards for the varsity sport is rather controversial, and it could be more effective to focus on violating the Title IX requirements regarding the women’s volleyball team rather than on discussing the features and standards of the varsity sport. In spite of the general win of the women’s volleyball team of the Quinnipiac University in relation to Title IX, the judge’s ar gument cannot be discussed as strong and effective because it was important to concentrate on the issue of discrimination to determine the position of the team not only for one season but for the long period of time. References The Quinnipiac University Case. (2010). Retrieved from http://courtweb.pamd.uscourts.gov/courtwebsearch/ctxc/KX330R32.pdf Thornton, P. K. (2010). Sports law. USA: Jones Bartlett Publishers.

Scurity Policy Framework Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scurity Policy Framework Outline - Essay Example Agencies must in a position to share intelligence (personal data included) self-assuredly knowing it is dependable (Siponen, 2000), comprehensible and safeguarded to contracted standards irrespective of the format or the transmission mechanism. 1. This is the first of five Security Policies inside the ASWERA Security Policy Framework; delineating the obligatory security necessities and organizational provisions and measures to which all Branches and Agencies ought to adhere to (Gaggis, 2005). 2. Governance provisions for security highly depend on the conglomerate amid the midpoint of Administration, Branches, and Agencies (Siponen, 2000), persons employed in the security group, their distribution partners, and eventually all employed staff on behalf of ASWERA. 3. The Official Committee on Security is accountable for articulating the security policy and organizing its solicitation across management. Official Committee on Security is responsible for dealing with international societies (Keukeleire & Macnaughtan, 2008). Cabinet Office Government Security Secretariat specifies the secretariat for the Official Committee on Security and is accountable for initializing and collaborating this outline (Siponen, 2000), guaranteeing acquiescence with the least necessities, associate Departments and organizing an annual report to the Official Committee on Security on the state of security across Management (Keukeleire & Macnaughtan, 2008). Cabinet Office Government Security Secretariat performs its duties closely with the security and information society in evolving and reconsidering the security policies (Siponen, 2000). 4. Whilst security is a mutual concern for all the staff and the contractors, ultimate concern for security respites with Accounting Officers and their corresponding Management Panels, which ought to include a Senior Information Risk Owner (Siponen, 2000). The efficient use embracing the sharing and security of intelligence is a fundamental significance

Explain search engine marketing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Explain search engine marketing - Article Example On the other hand, Pay per Click increases the visibility of the paid components only. Today, there are various vendors of Search Engine Marketing. The use of SEM rapidly increased in 1992 following the increase in the number of websites in the internet (Andreas, 2008). Today, the largest SEM vendors include Yahoo! Search Marketing, Google and Microsoft adCenter. Search Engine Optimization involves the identification of keywords, saturation and popularity of the site. The saturation of a website is analyzed using the number of pages that can be indexed in the search engines. On the other hand, popularity of the site is the number of backlinks associated with the site. This means that the advertising website should contain the keywords that people are search for in the internet and that these words rank high on the search engine. Pay per Click, also known as paid inclusion, entails a search engine company charging a fee for inclusion of a website in their pages (Richard, 2010). The use of search engine as a form of advertising is an imperative modality of internet marketing. This is attributed to the fact that more than 80% of people rely on search engine in locating products on the internet. In addition, it is cost effective compared to the traditional form of advertising using print and broadcasting media. Search engine marketing facilitates the increase of sales as it is accessible to many users at the same time. It also overcomes the challenge of geographical boundaries as the internet is accessible globally. Although it is cost effective, it is an intricate method that necessitates the use of consultancy services from professional. This adds to the cost of advertising online. There has been a rise in the use of search engines for shopping. After a shopper has undergone the research cycle, search queries change into terms which reflect the buying mindset. Terms such as â€Å"free

Ketobemidone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ketobemidone - Research Paper Example This paper explores the synonyms of Ketobemidone, its chemical structure, its discovery and synthesis, physical and chemical properties as well as its uses. Various Names for the Compound Ketobemidone is a compound with numerous names. The compound is also using other multiple synonyms such as: 1-[4-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl]-1-propanone; Cetobemidone; Ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl ketone; Cliradon; Cliradone; Cetobemidon; Cymidon; Hoechst 10720; Ciba 7115; Ketobemidonum; 1-[4-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidyl]-1-propanone; 1-Propanone, 1-[4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidinyl]-;1-Propanone, 1-[4-(m-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-4-piperidyl]-; NSC 117863; or A 21 Lundbeck1. The Chemical Structure of Ketobemidone The chemical structure of the compound is: How Ketobemidone Was Discovered and Synthesized â€Å"The history of synthetic drugs with morphine-like effect is relatively short, dating back only to 1939, when Eisleb produced the now famous 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester.†2 Eisleb together with his colleagues first synthesized Ketobemidone in 1942 at I.G. Farbenindustrie’s laboratory at Hoechst amidst World War II. However, for many years, research had been on-going to find synthetic substances with the same structure as morphine. Small, Eddy together with their co-workers at the United States Public Health service3 worked tirelessly to find these synthetic substances with morphine-like structure. The experiments were founded on the supposition that morphine’s analgesic effect was intrinsic in dibenzofuran, phenanthrene, dibenzofuran as well as carbazole nucleus, which were identified as components of morphine. Earlier attempts were however futile with no development of any synthetic compound with desirable analgesic effect. Organic chemistry experiments rarely yield expected results and products obtained usually come by chance. The analgesic activity of 4-phenylpiperidine s was discovered by chance in 1940s in the course of research by scientists to find antispasmodic characteristics on analogues of cocaine.4 The main focus of Eisleb and Schaumann was to find an alternative compound for atropine. The researchers discovered that the compounds had high levels of analgesic properties apart from their spasmolytic properties. Carboxylic acid exhibited the best outcomes and was later sold in Germany as dolantin, which was wrongly assumed to be non-addictive. As research intensified, several other compounds with structures like morphine were developed including methadone, which was discovered in Germany during the Second World War.5 The initial study of ketobemidone became available in print in 1946 after which it took short duration before being introduced in clinical medicine. In 1954, the Economic and Social Council urged governments to stop producing and trading on ketobemidone arguing that it is a dangerous drug.6 Ketobemidone is synthesized by alkylat ion of (3-methoxyphenyl) acetonitrile with bis (2-chloroethyl) methylamine, which is then reacted with ethylmagnesiumbromide. The resulting product is then O-demethylated with hydrobromic acid to form ketobemidone. â€Å"1-Methyl-4-(m-methoxy)phenyl-4-cyanopiperidine on reaction with ethyl magnesium bromide forms ketone intermediate, which on demethylation with hydrobromic acid affords ketobemidone.†7 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Ketobemidone Physical Properties

How did Bobbie Ann Mason`s upbringing in the rural south influence her writing of Shiloh Essay Example for Free

How did Bobbie Ann Mason`s upbringing in the rural south influence her writing of Shiloh Essay Bobbie Ann Mason is considered as one of the great American writers from the South. Her personal background as a Southerner influenced and set a backdrop for most of her fiction stories. From a small country girl who used to read Bobbsey Twins and the Nancy Drew mysteries, Bobbie Ann Mason has become one of the Americas leading fiction writers. In 1980 The New Yorker published her first story. It took me a long time to discover my material, she says. It wasnt a matter of developing writing skills; it was a matter of knowing how to see things. And it took me a very long time to grow up. Id been writing for a long time, but was never able to see what there was to write about. I always aspired to things away from home, so it took me a long time to look back at home and realize that thats where the center of my thought was† (Bobbie Ann Mason’s Homepage). This discourse will try to map out the journey that Bobbie Ann Mason has taken from being just a country girl to being one of America’s leading fiction writers as well as how her upbringing has been manifested in her writings, especially â€Å"Shiloh†. Bobbie Ann Mason was born in 1940 in a small town in Mayfield, Kentucky. Growing up in her parents’ dairy farm, she spent most of her childhood days in the typical rural Southern setting and experiencing the Southern way of upbringing. (â€Å"Bobbie Ann Mason,† Wikipedia) The first nine (9) years of her educational life were spent in a rural school. Shortly thereafter Bobbie Ann Mason attended a city school where she stayed until her graduation. It was here where she first experienced living in the city and experiencing the hustle and bustle that was absent from the rural setting that she was accustomed to in Kentucky (Webber). It was her love for literature that prompted her to pursue a degree in journalism from the University of Kentucky and eventually attain a Ph. D. in English from the University of Connecticut. (â€Å"Bobbie Ann Mason,† Wikipedia) This seeming â€Å"duality† of her background, growing up in the Southern Setting and highly educated in a metropolitan setting, is reflected within most of her written works (Hunt). Rothstein describes Mason’s style as a combination of her â€Å"intellectual sophistication† (after all, she had a doctorate degree) and â€Å"the sense of isolated, yearning existence of her rural characters [is] one she has never quite shed herself. The influence of growing up in the South is clearly shown in most of her characters in her stories yet the theme and feel of the story reveals her intellect and cosmopolitan views as well. A perfect example of how Mason reveals this â€Å"duality† is in Shiloh. In Shiloh, Mason shows this through the challenges that the characters undergo; some of these changes that the characters in experience deal with the nature of human life, the changes brought on by death, the issues on disease and aging; but these changes are not so common, nor as troublesome, in Masons stories as the changes brought on by a changing society. These changes, as Edwin T. Arnold correctly observes, are brought about by the fact that the present has effectively displaced, transformed, and cheapened the traditional, and Masons characters are depicted as they lose their strengths and beliefs and find nothing substantial to replace them (136) Bobbie Ann Mason’s writings are mostly set in the South. Her version is more realistic and not romanticized; unlike the works of Faulkner or O’Connor (Hunt), she depicts small-town rural Southern living, using dialogue and settings characteristic of the South (Hunt). However, southern history and all it represents seems irrelevant to her characters lives (Fine 87). Bobbie Ann Mason occasionally reveals her talent and wit by being able to focus more on her characters and their sense of isolation and their want for something more from their lives and draw the reader towards the characters and make them empathize with the characters. These characters are not simply depicted as typical Southerners, but rather as people who are trying desperately to get into the society rather than out of it (Reed 60). Mason shows the Southern Influence by creating believable characters that are caught in the transition between the old, pastoral, rural world of farms and close-knit communities and the modern, anonymous, suburban world of shopping malls and fast-food restaurants (Shiloh: Themes). In Shiloh, for example, Leroy did not notice the change in his hometown while he was on the road as a trucker. However, now that Leroy has come home to stay, he notices how much the town has changed. Subdivisions are spreading across western Kentucky like an oil slick. Change, a theme often used by Mason in her works, shows just how much Mason is influenced by her upbringing and also reveals how she laments over how people are slow to realize the changes in southern society. In this story, it takes a traumatic event of some kind to make the characters see that the land has changed or that they no longer know who they are. In Leroys case, it is his accident and injury in his rig that make him see that the land has changed, that Norma Jean has changed, and that in all the years he was on the road he never took time to examine anything. He was always flying past scenery (2). Several of Masons characters react to the changes in their lives by trying, at least momentarily, to go back. Leroy thinks that he can hold onto his wife if he can go back to a simpler time. He decides to accomplish this by building her a log cabin for which he goes so far as to order the blueprints and to build a miniature out of Lincoln Logs. Mabel, Leroys mother-in-law, is convinced that if Leroy and Norma Jean will go to Shiloh where she and her husband went on their honeymoon, they can somehow begin their fifteen-year-old marriage anew. So does Leroy. He says to Norma, You and me could start all over again. Right back at the beginning (15). It is ironic, fitting, and symbolic that it is at Shiloh that Norma tells him she wants to leave him. By storys end, Leroy knows that he cannot go back as it occurs to him that building a house of logs is . . . empty too simple. . . . Now he sees that building a log house is the dumbest idea he could have had. . . . It was a crazy idea (16). He realizes that the real inner workings of a marriage, like most of history, have escaped him (16). The female characters that Mason brings to life are what set her stories apart from the usual literature which depicts Southern women; their dreams, goals, and their want for progress significantly differs from those of the traditional Southern belle characters such as Scarlett O’Hara and Adie (Hunt). The female characters of Mason embrace change and are not afraid of it (Kincaid 582). This seemingly feminist theme reflects the change in social relationships between men and women; how evolving and rapidly shifting gender roles affect the lives of simple people. Mason also shows how some of her women try to forge new identities in the wake of shifting gender roles and how their efforts often include a blatant shrinking of traditionally feminine behaviors or characteristics; sometimes they seem almost completely to be trading roles with the men in their lives. And since change often causes uncertainty and instability, another aspect is the way these women find some solid ground through connections with other women (Bucher). â€Å"Shiloh† is a story that symbolizes the modern woman striving to find her identity (Cooke 196). In this short story, Bobbie Ann Mason masterfully portrays the lead female character, Norma Jean, as one such woman; strong, determined and confused in a search for her identity. Mason is able to show this to the reader through the acts of Norma Jean as she tries to improve her physical appearance by â€Å"working on her pectorals† (Mason 271), enrolls in a variety of classes, from weightlifting to cooking exotic foods to English composition in an attempt to become a new woman (Thompson 3). These actions of Norma Jean actions reveal more of a strong desire for inner personal transformation, much more than anything else. However, Mason also recognizes that abrupt change in one’s personality has its own dangers (Hunt), as illustrated by Norma Jean and Leroy’s relationship. Norma Jean and Leroy’s relationship is a perfect example of the dangers of an abrupt change as it shows a marriage with serious problem and the effect that change has on it. Leroy and Norma Jean Moffitt, are working-class people living in the modern South, and thus they bring into their marriage all sorts of unspoken expectations of who they should be, which often contrast violently with who they are even more so with who they are becoming (Bucher). When in a twist of fate, Leroy loses the use of his leg, Norma Jean suddenly assumes the role of being the man in the family and this leads to problems. It is this sort of change that is not only abrupt but also drastic which Mason shows in Shiloh that reveals her Southern influence. She emphasizes the changing role of women in society by using the Southern setting as a backdrop. Mason is a lover of rock and roll music. This passion and preference for rock music and pop culture are frequently reflected throughout her stories as well (Webber). â€Å"Writing is my version of rock-and-roll,† Rothstein quotes her (Webber). This is aptly shown in â€Å"Shiloh,† where the main characters themselves are named after Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe, popular icons of the rock and roll scene and pop culture in the early 1950s. All in all, it can be said that Bobbie Ann Mason’s personal background shows a very consistent influence in the fiction stories that she writes and provides a deeper and different perspective about living in a Southern setting and rural life in general. In the country in Kentucky, people are just amazed that anybody in New York wants to read about their lives (Rothstein). With fiction stories of Bobbie Ann Mason, however, it is not surprising that people will want to read more about Kentucky or the Southern locales of the United States, for that matter, for her stories speak of the universal human experiences that transcend physical and cultural boundaries which people can identify with. WORKS CITED: Arnold, Edwin J. Falling Apart and Staying Together. Appalachian Journal (1985): 135-141Aycock-Simpson, Judy. Bobbie Ann Mason’s Portrayal of Modern Western Kentucky Border States: Journal of the Kentucky-Tennessee American Studies Association, No. 7 (1989) â€Å"Bobbie Ann Mason. † Wikipedia: Free Encyclopedia. August 30, 2006. November 11, 2006 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bobbie_Ann_Mason â€Å"Bobbie Ann Mason. † Bobbie Ann Mason’s Homepage. September 17, 2005. November 24, 2006 http://www. eiu. edu/~eng1002/authors/mason2/bio. htm Shiloh: Themes. Short Stories for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale, 1998. eNotes. com. January 2006. 24 November 2006. http://www. enotes. com/shiloh/32686 Bucher, Tina. â€Å"Changing Roles and Finding Stability: Women in Bobbie Ann Mason’s Shiloh and Other Stories† Border States: Journal of the Kentucky-Tennessee American Studies Association, No. 8 (1991) Cooke, Stewart J. Masons Shiloh. The Explicator 51 (1993): 196-197. Fine, Laura. Going Nowhere Slow: The Post-South World of Bobbie Ann Mason. The Southern Literary Journal 32 (1999). Hunt, Kristina. â€Å"Mason’s Transformation of the South. † October 27, 2000. November 11, 2006.

The Media Discourse Of Youth Subcultures Media Essay

The Media Discourse Of Youth Subcultures Media Essay The cultural universe of young people is a complex and dynamic one (White, 1999) and there has always been a tendency among youth researchers to investigate the significant social changes that are being revealed through the experiences of contemporary youth (Leccardi Ruspini, 2006). Some of the earliest sociological researches on youth can be linked to the emergence of new forms of consumptions and distinct youth cultures that began to rise in the late 1950s. The changes in youth at this era were highly visible through music and fashion the young populations were consuming. This was viewed both as a result of the increase time available for leisure and personal resources (Leccardi Ruspini, 2006) as well as an attempt to create some symbolic meaning for self (White, 1999). In times of high unemployment where youth were caught in between the ideology of spectacular consumption promoted by the mass media and the traditional ideology of capitalism and the meritocratic work led to a pro liferation of empirical studies across a wide range of diverse issues from homelessness to unemployment, youth crime to street gang violence that engages in research relevant to both empirical and theoretical matters in order to stretch the conceptual boundaries in the contemporary society (White, 1993). Youth subcultures can be viewed as a response to the interaction between these different areas. This response is seen by some as an identity seeking reaction between resistance to consumerism created by the production based Puritanism and the new hedonism of post war consumption (White, 1993). This paper looks into the contemporary youth subcultures and the media discourse used in the representation of these subcultures. It is argued that such negative representations of youth subcultures would result in the popularization and re enforcement of activities rather than limiting or controlling such deviant behaviors and thereby confirming the labeling of a demonized and at risk youth groups. Further, the reports supports the idea that the media interventions in crime and social problem areas can lead to misplaced reactive political resources in mythic rather than real social problem areas resulting in amplified and exacerbated social problems generating moral panics (White, 1999). A culture can be defined as designs for living that constitute peoples way of life (Macionis Plummer, 2008:128). The five components of culture identified by Macionis and Plummer (2008: 130) include; symbols, language, values, norms and material culture. Culture has several, often contradictory meanings that carries ambiguity that can be traced in its different uses throughout history (Brake, 1985). While the classical perspective views culture as a standard of excellence (high culture), others view culture as a way of life which expresses certain meanings and values attached with a particular way of life known as the low culture'(Williams, 1961, p. 57). It is this conceptualisation of low culture that is central to the development of subcultures as an analytical concept (Brake, 1985). Subcultures can be defined as a cultural pattern that set apart some segment of a societys population (Macionis Plummer, 2008: 139) or a social group which is perceived to deviate from the normative ideals of adult communities (Thornton, 1995: 2). The earliest use of subcultural theories within sociology can be linked to its application as a subdivision of a national culture (Lee, 1945; Gordon, 1947). Culture in this context was viewed as learned behaviour with emphasis on the effects of socialisation within the cultural subgroups of a pluralist society (Brake, 1985). In most of the Western world, studies of youth subcultures have been dominated by a tradition associated with the 1970s work of the Centre of Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham, England (Thornton, 1995). The Birmingham subcultural studies tend to banish media and commerce from their definition of authentic culture seen media and commerce as incorporating subcultures into the hegemony and effectively dismantling them (Hedbige, 1978). Chicago School sociologists on the other hand were concerned on researching empirical social groups by taking precedence over their elaboration of theory and were mainly focused on the shadier recesses of polite society (Nayaka, 2003:14 in Thornton, 1995). This report will look at subcultures as cultures that are labelled directly or indirectly by the media with a problematic authenticity and as media and commerce integral to the authentication of its cultural practices. Supporting this, A.K. Cohen states that a major determinant of s ubcultures among the youth as what people do depending upon the problems they contended with (Cohen, 1955, p.51). Cultural theorists argue that what it means to be young should be seen in the context of its cultural significance indicating that it is the context of cultural significance that makes been young so distinctive and not the structural focus of society (Alan, 2007). That is, the context the youth are exposed to and the issues that their exposures carry play a significant role in the construction of a youths culture. When understanding the conflicts surrounding young people and the way they use public space, the media plays a central role by constituting and shaping the principal form of the public sphere and by gathering and distributing important public information (Thompson, 1994 in Sercombe, 1999). One may argue that there is no certain measure of the direct effects of media coverage on the public. However, there are often negative and powerful cultural effects of media produced by the constant flow of its commercialized imaginary fictions and stereotypical coverages that socially construct a moral and narrative set of offerings upon which the youth attempt to build their identities on (White, 1993). Not only in building identities, the youth tend to use these social constructions by the media also as a measure for their achievements and personal worth by simply deriving an identity from a set of meanings drawn on the basis of media constructed stimulations instead of their local experiences (Baudrillard, 1983). It is important to note that the notion of identities are constructed across and by differences, and the social construction of youth identities though historically varied is tightly bound with the media representations made available at the time (White,1999). Therefore, we can argue that media is a critical component of the development and maintenance of the representation of young people which often feeds into the fears and negative attitude surrounding the presence of young people in public space as problematic or threatening (Sercombe, 1999). Moral panics in relation to youth music and subculture are not uncommon in the news and other media (Goode Ben-Yehuda, 2008, pp. 124-145, in Phillipoy 2009). Most cities in Australia like many other cities around the world housed for a large number of subcultural activities ranging from skateboarders occupying the steps and benches in the Melbourne streets to Goths congregating the inner city suburbs (Gelder, 2007). It also has a number of drag night clubs, gay and lesbian bars, a remarkable graffiti subculture; in which Melbourne has been claimed as a stencil graffiti capital (Smallman Nyman, 2005). Australia has several times witnessed its teenage subcultures clash in the streets; like the Mods and Sharpies in August 1966 (Sparrow Sparrow, 2004: 73-77). Stan Cohens classic Folk Devils and Moral Panics (1980) and the centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies Policing the Crisis (Hall et al. 1978) both indicate how mainstream media contributes to the public anxiety about youth subcultures and youth groups that are deemed to be deviant. Cohen, in his work looks at the development of conflict between mods and rockers, in a British seaside town, and particularly the escalation of conflict that arose as a result of the medias representation of these events. He argues that the media were responsible for amplifying the perception of deviance arising from a few of small-scale disturbances, which ultimately led to an escalated interventions from the police and judiciary, with the demonization and over-typification of young people involved in the mod or rocker styles. Similarly in Australia Cunneen et al. 1989, carried out a study on the disturbances at the Bathurst motorcycle races concluding that it was the over representation of the small di sturbances that led to the large scale conflicts and that the press concentrated on authority opinion while sensationalizing the material published (Cunneen et al., 1989). When analysing the literature published on the media representations of youth and youth subcultures it is evident that communications media create subcultures in the process of naming them and drawing boundaries around them in the act of describing them (Thonrton, 1995). The way media is inextricably involved in the meaning making and organization of youth subcultures will be discussed through the analysis of the representations of many recent incidents related to youth subcultures, particularly the ravers, Goths and emo subcultures. The rave subculture emerged worldwide in the late 1980s as a musical subculture and was a phenomenon in the area that attempted to invert the traditional rock n roll authenticity by remixing and creating a cutting edge disk culture with a warehouse party format and was established in Chicago, Detroit and across Britain (Thornton, 1995:4). Soon groups of young people were clustered in sites conventionally aligned with musical performance to listen and dance to electronic dance music played by djs in Sydneys alternative rock scene Unlike other musical subcultures such as alternative rock scene where performances generally took place in formal environments such as pubs and clubs the raves in Australian cities began to use spaces such as old warehouses, factories and train stations for their activities (Gibson Pagan, 2006). Since the late 1980s rave culture worldwide has increased their members and was diversified and fragmented in many aspects becoming more contradictory with various s ubcultures emerging such as the Doofs, Drum and Bass and Happy hard core. Mean while controversies and public moral panics were starting to generate over the diverged more politicized illegal party culture that were shifting itself from the mainstream (Gibson Pagen, 2006). Associations were made between these part scenes and illegal drugs such as ecstasy by the media providing the basis for a moral panic. Ravres were described as new age hippies where their activities summed up to no sex, but drugs and rock roll (Sun Herald, 15/1/1995:1995,121). Dance parties in Sydney eventually became associated with tropes of youth deviance and illegality making the rave space in the public consciousness as a site beyond the domain of mainstream, and thereby causing strong reactions from the public and a need for increased control over their events (Gibson Pagen, 2006). A major shift in the perception of the public of youth subcultures could be related to the ecstasy related death of teenager A nna Woods from Sydney at an Apache party in 1995. Her death was magnified within the media creating an unprecedented wave of media attention and public panic. With headlines such as Ecstasy agony and Ecstasy secret world running on the front pages for nearly two weeks, dramatically altering not only the rave culture but the perception of youth subcultures as a whole (See Sydney Morning Herald, 26/20/1995:1,4). The initial response of sympathy by the public to the incident soon turned into fear and anger that progressed from tension and social anxiety to a full blown social and political crisis (McRobbie, 1994) with scapegoating not only the ravers but creating fear against many youth subcultures (see Daily Telegraph, 25/10/1995:415). The death of Anna was interpreted as a symptom of the malaise affecting many young Australians (Daily Telegraph, 5/11/1995:8), with the NSW state government taking actions to close down clubs and bars which have promoted drugs in parties (Gibson Pagen, 2006). For a few months in 2007, the dangers of Emo and computer use were significant themes in many Australian newspaper coverages (Phillipoy, 2009). Emo is an abbreviation of the terms emocore or emotional hardcore which is a musical sub-genre of punk rock music, characterised by emotional or personal themes. They adopt a look that includes black stovepipe jeans, dyed black hair and side-parted long fringes, which might merely have been one of the many tribes (Bennett, 1999) that characterise this contemporary youth culture(Phillipoy, 2009). Following the deaths of Melbourne teenagers, Jodie Gater, Stephanie Gestier and Carly Ryan in year 2007, over an approximately five months period the media portrayed the two separate incidents linking the suicide and the murder to the Emo subculture and to the social networking site MySpace, presenting both as dangerous and worrying developments in contemporary youth culture (Phillipoy, 2009). These media discourses surrounding the deaths included many features of moral panic including a build-up of concerns disproportionate to the real risk of harm (see Goode Ben-Yehuda, 2002, pp.33-41). While the emo youth were viewed as straightforward folk devil (Cohen, 1972) or the enemy, the problem of emo was also framed as a product of much broader problems of youth culture (Goode Ben-Yehuda, 2002). The connections between emo and the deaths of these young girls were tenuously published over the mass media and was seen as symptomatic of what John Hartley (1998) describes in the context of r eporting on young people more generally as a profound uncertainty in the textual system of journalism about where the line that defines the boundary of the social should be drawn by the broader groups of non-subculturaly affiliated youth. The result of this according to Phillipoy, is a cultural thinking out loud (Hartley, 1998) where broader cultural anxiety are expressed and explored that can be described as anxiety about disclosure. The newspaper coverages on the deaths focused on the dangers of young peoples disclosures that made them inaccessible to adult authority that otherwise could have prevented the tragedies. Although some of these concerns were connected to the specificities of emo subcultural expression, with excessive emotions on display and the enigma associated with subcultural imagery respectively, they were on the whole linked to a broader problem in contemporary youth culture that was seen to apply to all young people, irrespective of any subcultural affiliation. T he expressions of anxieties that the private lives of young people were becoming increasingly unknowable to adult authorities, and, hence, that youth culture itself was increasingly unknowable were popular statements made by the media (Phillipoy, 2006). Reportings such as bizarre teenage goth and emo world world constructed both as dangerous (in the sense that the apparent involvement in subcultural activities was presented as disturbing and something that put her at risk of harm) and impenetrable (in the sense that subcultural affiliations and imagery was understood not simply as harmful but also as bizarre). In conclusion, the representations of young people in the media directly or indirectly depend on the interest of the newspapers and the discourse of its source. Language used by these media allows painting young people in different colors (Sercombe, 1999) and as youth subcultures are prime fare for the news media as in terms of news value they are both exotic and familiar (White, 1993) media and youth subcultures have a complex and symbolic relationship where young people are devoted consumers and producers of media and engage with media in the approval and adaptation of subcultural forms for their own context. Therefore, many of the subcultures can be argued to be reproduced and constructed through the media (White, 1999). The mainstream media however tend to represent youth subcultures mythologically as they often attempts to represent not the real world but the world that suits the advertisers, owners and the government. This leads to the constant stereotyping, reinforcing and exa ggerating issues, particularly in relation to the youth (White, 1993). Youth was been commodified and portrayed within the media as the mindless hedonism of lost youth (Brown, 2005). They were categorized as a careless generation that was only concerned with seeking pleasure and satisfaction from personal risk taking and drug use (Brown, 2005). By constructing notions of deviance and illegality, commercial media not only position youth and youth subcultures but are implicated in defining authentic underground activities that further strengthen subcultural practices that are deemed deviant (Gibson Pagan, 2006). Therefore, it is clear that media have been and is today, a major influence in fuelling and reinforcing perceptions of problem youth. Subcultures are constructed and stereotyped by the media as deviant and the media representations linked to the issues around subcultures have created an image of uncaring, hedonistic and self centered youth (Alan, 2007). Hence, this report suggest that the media is directly or indirectly responsibility for the fuelling and reinforcing of such deviant activities that they have constructed aligned to youth subcultures and that youth subcultures are a social construction mainly influenced by the national mass media. Therefore, the national media, particularly newspapers as the most commo nly used news media has a responsibility in the a discourses that are used to represent youth groups and youth subcultures as it carries an impact on the broader youth communities worldwide.